Electrical and electrochemical activities of heart Essay Example for Free

Electrical and electrochemical activities of heart Essay Heart is the chief organ of body it can be defined as â€Å"The hollow muscular organ its rhythmic retrenchment flows blood all the way throughout the body†. (Heart electrical) Natural pace maker is established in human heart, this pace maker start working from right atria and ventricle it stimulates their muscles. Sinoarterial node SAN is found in between upper portion of the heart, after stimulating right portion of heart it stimulates the left atria and ventricle afterward adrenaline is secreted from nervous system which speed up the spark electrical impulses or in supplementary words regulates the electrical impulses. Normal heart beats are 72 per minute but in case of running, exercising, taking stress high fever heart beats are increased because Nervous system release more adrenaline. Another motivating topic of our article covers is electrocardiogram that is the measurement of heart beats by special electrode on paper or screen. So at this point in this article we will study in detail regulatory activities of heart which factors are involves in regulation of heart beats and keeps heart normal and vigorous, how these factors are generated and how did they achieve their work this is all we are going to study in element to enhance our understandings about facts of science. Electrical and electrochemical activities of heart In human heart natural pace maker is found, the function which naturally has been given to pace maker is to regulate the heart for performing this responsibility it has to go from very different phases. Pace maker is found in the superior right portion of heart that is Right atrium this is the place from where the pace maker gathers the specialized cells termed as â€Å"Sino arterial node â€Å"so these cells are also termed as pace maker. As the heart beats it generates the electrical sparks per minute, the spark which has been generated by specialized cell, the function of these sparks is to stimulate the muscles. First it stimulates the superior chamber of heart it has to wait unless the atria get empty from blood. After stimulating the upper atria it stimulates the ventricles electrically, similarly it affects the left atria and ventricle in this sequence. If we go in depth we will come to know that everything function of body is being controlled by the nervous system, here nervous system is releasing the adrenaline the adrenaline is computable to increase or speed up the sparks per minute, the normal heart beats are 72 per minute but incase of fever, excitement, stress or any mental or physical stress can speedup the rate of heart beats in result breathless condition occur while on the other during resting situation it is decreased . Let us talk about the phases or ladder which takes place in the electrical activity of heart ,As we have talked before it is generated in the sinoatrial node (SAN) which is located in superior Right chamber of heart this is the location from where these electrical impulses propagated to the artrioventricular node ( AVN ) artrioventricular node is seen between the atria and ventricles. After reaching at (AVN) these electrical impulse are send to the into branching tissues right bundle branch is termed as (RBBB) and left bundle branch is termed is as the (LBBB) there are further more division to there Left bundle branches which are known as fascicles first of all electrical impulses are generated in SAN which primary makes the right and left atria to treaty and after couple of seconds it makes right and left ventricle to contract this depolarization takes place continuously in every 2-3 seconds, when SAN is at rest it makes 60-70 signals a minute rate can be speedup by SAN due to exercise or and physical activity which can produce stressed up condition. When SAN fails to work AVN can takes its position but AVN is slow as compare to SAN the reason is that SAN at resting position produces 60-7- signals while AVN at resting position produces 30-40 signals which are very less as compare to SAN’S signals. ( How heart works) this sequence of electrical activities of heart can be noted by electrocardiogram this is the process by which activities can be registered on paper by special electrode use for this process (Heart Electrical Activity). In human body there are many chemicals found every chemical has its own duty assign by nature in regulation of heart there are also few chemicals involved which stimulates the function of heart . Neuroendocrine system helps heart to maintain its regulation this system is linked with the brain and endocrine system this is the system in which neurons and endocrine system work together electrical impulses are given by SAN whereas the endocrine system gives the chemical impulses , Neuroendocrine system is the complex system which work together this is very complicated system , it uses the nerve symbol to and changes the activity of cells as well the diameter of blood vessels it can also effect the heart rate and the rate of contraction. ( Heart Failure) Electrochemical activities of heart stimulate the heart beats heart regulation, they play very important role in life, in the body as everything depends upon the function of hearts because when heart gets electrical stimulation it transport/ pumps the blood to the system another factor which helps in pumping the blood is heart beats which is also generated by stimulation of muscles. standard heart beats are 72 per minute which are created by stimulation of heart muscles but if they are less than harmfl affects are possible to the body the less then normal heart beats could be 35 – 40 heart beats per minute then blood stream to body’s organ reduces which is dangerous (How heart works) It is a firm believe that reduction in I reduces AP polarization which in result reduces the electrochemical diving force similarly amount of SR Ca is also reduces which is necessary for the contraction of hearts muscles if we go in depth we will come to know that Na, I, K also reduces due to some abnormality and it is like a chain system if one thing is affected the entire system will be affected but here we are sescribing only the loss cause by reduction in Ca as Ca is reduced it reduces heart beats and blood transport is reduced if thing is not cover soon it can cause breathless condition as blood carries oxygen and reduction in heart beats reduces blood transport so this is one bad trait for body. Similarly reduction in I causes reduction in polarization this system is interlinked with one an other. It has also been believed that potassium K changes into HF and HF reduces Ca, it has been observed that many late HF patients who doesn’t notice their ailment before gets death because of heart abnormality, DADs, EADs and Refs decreased the amount of Ca in myocytes this reduced amount of Ca in myocytes causes systolic disjunction in Hf. Systolic means when heart contracts it is termed a systolic and when it rest it is termed diastolic so here Reduction of Ca in myocytes reduced the heart contraction it is an another thing if Ca continue leaking it may cause to death. Electrical and electrochemical regulation of heart Conclusion After reading this attention-grabbing topic we can come up with the conclusion that heart is one of the biggest gifts of God given to humans. As nature has assign functions to every part of the body similarly nature has given special function to heart which makes heart extremely important organ it transmit blood to complete body parts. There are few electrical and electrochemical behavior found in heart which helps heart in performing its main function that is creating heart beats carrying impulses. In right atrium of heart sinoatrial node (SAN) is found which also works as pace maker these sinoatrial nodes are special cells found in right atrium they generate the electrical impulses which stimulates the right atrium cell and wait unless it get emptied after now these electrical impulses moves to the atrioventricular node (AVN) now these electrical impulses are send into branching tissues right bundle branch is called (RBBB) and left bundle branch is termed as (LBBB) first it functions in right atrium and ventricle and then in few seconds after performing its task in right part of heart it moves to the left part of the heart and functions in left atrium and then left ventricle this is how electrical impulses carry in heart and makes it empty and refill in couple of seconds. Adrenaline also plays very important role in this process here nervous system plays an important role it secreted adrenaline to it is chemical by nature and it is responsible for speeding up the sparks ( electrical impulses) per minute so in this way heart continue to work by electrically and electrochemically. The methods which has been found by the scientist to record these impulses is ECG electrocardiogram this is recent and helpful technique to check whether the heart is working normally or not in this method heart rhythms are noted on paper or screen by specially assigned electrode. Now a days artificial pace maker is also being made to control abnormalities of heart. Here in this important topic we also read about that what the lack of any element present of excess of any element or chemical can do with our heart. Nature has given quantity to everything increasing from that or decreasing from that spoils the entire system here we also read about the reduction in Ca, Ca is basic need of heart to continue it heart beats here we come to know that reduction in Ca is mainly caused by reduction in things which are supporting it in background, Ca reduction causes great loss to heart that is it decreases contraction rate of heart when the heart start contracting less than it is required entire system of body is effected because heart carries blood to all part of the body if heart starts working slow then blood also starts reduces and in this way all system are being effected that’s what makes one lazy and the major loss cause by this is the heart failure if it is continuously reducing than a time will come when heart will stop working and one meets his death. After reading this prolong article we come up with the conclusion that heart is not only one organ which is supporting all the functions infect heart is being supported by many internal plus many external features such these all things work together in a chain like system if one thing is effected the entire system got effected this chain which consist of Electrical impulses electrochemical impulses , heart , factors affecting heart , environment and many more things are involved this chain system is necessary for healthy life we should take care of our health for out better tomorrow.

Moby Dick - Characters of Captain Ahab and Ishmael :: Moby Dick Essays

The characters of captain Ahab and Ishmael are almost opposites.   About the only things the two share in common are that they are both seamen and they both are on a hunt for a whale. Ishmael is a pleasing character, who plays the role of the main character as well as narrator.   He is a common man who has a love for the sea, and goes to it to clear his mind whenever he feels down or feels that it is â€Å"a damp, drizzly November† in his soul.   As for his physical appearance, he doesn’t really specify.   However, one might assume that he is a middle-aged man and probably holds the characteristics of the â€Å"stereotypical seaman†.   But, what the character lacks in physical description, he makes up for with a full personality that his described extensively throughout the book.   Ishmael is a man who seeks what is best described as â€Å"inner peace†.   He is very content with himself when on the water, and has a great love for being a seaman.   He joins the crew of the Pequod to satisfy his longing to be back on the ocean, but as it turns out, the particular voyage he is to set out on is not what he had suspected.   F or this ship would be commanded by a half-crazed captain in a desperate search for a viscous white whale.   Over all, Ishmael is definitely the most civilized and wise man in the story.      Captain Ahab is an overwhelmingly intimidating character in the story, and can probably be considered the most deranged of them all.   His radical obsession with finding and killing the white whale known as â€Å"Moby-Dick† causes Ishmael and others of the crew to become frightened at his abnormal behavior.   Ahab’s physical appearance is best described as foreboding and evil.   He is a tall man with gray hair, and is missing a leg due to a death-defying confrontation with Moby-Dick himself.   His new artificial leg is made from the bone of whale and once again adds to his intimidating form.   His personality is also quite mad.   He has a maniacal presence about him and would risk his life and the lives of his crewmen just to fulfill his mission of demented revenge.   Melville does a fine job describing this particular character with the utmost extremeness.    The characters of Ishmael and Ahab are two that have a great and critical impact on the book.

Educating Rita Devil Wears Prada

Host: Good morning listeners, this is Sam Lee with this week’s program of ‘Into the world’ where we discuss ways individuals make challenging transitions into new and different worlds and the risks and possibilities, which coincide with them. Significant experiences in people’s lives provide opportunities for growth and development. Going ‘into the world’ means moving from familiar experiences to new horizons. We are especially blessed today to have Willy Russell famous playwright discussing his play ‘Educating Rita’ and David Frankel the director of ‘The Devil Wears Prada’. W. R: Thank you for having me on the program: it is a pleasure to discuss ‘Educating Rita’. Host: Willy how close is Rita’s story to your own? W. R: Is it that strikingly obvious Sam? I was a male hairdresser and owned my own salon before I began to compose novels, which enabled me to construct a more realistic character for Rita. ‘Educating Rita’ could be seen, as a semi-autobiography as I have already experienced the difficulties of being working class and I am aware of the challenges people with this social background may endure. Similarly to Rita I also dreamed of better things, and returned to further education as a mature student attending evening classes at university, immersing in the delights of English literature. Host: Your mentor for Rita is Frank a flawed professor, why did you create such a complex mentor for Rita? W. R: Frank is perfect for Rita in his ‘imperfections’ as a real studious, pedantic professor would have frightened Rita off. At the start of the play, Frank and Rita can be seen as opposites and any friendship between the two seems unlikely, but they quickly warm to one another as first appearances show. Frank sees Rita as a breath of fresh air in his life and he responds very well to her cheeky and irreverent approach to almost anything. They are both involved in unsatisfactory relationships, and they both want more from life than it seems to offer. Host: Rita’s marriage breaks down due to her newfound ambitions to change herself. You construct Danny as a largely un-sympathetic type, was this deliberate? W. R: No, Danny’s character was never created intentionally to be un-sympathetic, this perception of Danny is a result of his inability to understand Rita’s wish to be educated. He is the archetypical figure that represents the opposition to Rita’s desire for change. Danny has a traditional view of the role of women and expects Rita to settle down and have children. He does not like that she is trying to break away from their lower class lifestyle. When he discovers that Rita has secretly been taking the pill to stop herself becoming pregnant, he blames her behaviour on her desire to ‘better' herself and burns her books, this act is symbolic as throughout history books have been burnt to no avail and knowledge cannot be destroyed by something as weak as fire. Danny’s intentional rejection to embrace the new, spells the end of their relationship. Host: Educating Rita can be linked to the growth, changes, as well as sacrifices made by Andy in The Devil Wears Prada where Andy is on a journey seeking to begin her life as an adult who is faced with moral and ethical choices. David would you agree that transitions into the world have greater risks and potential losses than possibilities? D. F: Well Sam, Andy begins as a strong, grounded character, opposite to Rita who becomes more and more preoccupied with success. However similarly to Rita, Andy realizes the job is lonely and in order to achieve great success there must be great sacrifices. This is linked to Rita, as they both need to make sacrifices in order to excel, beginning with their partners. The tension in the relationship between Andy and her boyfriend is evident through the constant reference to the â€Å"old Andy† who he believes has gone. Nate Andy’s boyfriend is a constant reminder of where she came from, similarly with Danny. Host: It seems that although Rita and Andy have benefited, they lose a great deal including their individuality. Would you agree Willy? W. R: Well, Rita has some of the rough, and possibly more original, edges of her personality knocked off, however the things she loses are no longer of great value to her. Rita desires to â€Å"know everything† in order to have choice and direction in her life, as evident by ‘I wanna discover meself’. Choice, to Rita, is more then ‘eight different types of lager’ as described by Denny and their social class. She now has a lot more freedom with regards with her future and what she wants, as she is educated. She has gained confidence in herself to associate with â€Å"proper† students. Host: Any comments on this David? D. F: Sacrifices need to be made in order to succeed Sam. Andy was initially unwilling to change her appearance even when pressured by colleagues. However she eventually goes through a dramatic costume change, squeezes into a size four dress with a sleek new haircut and expensive stilettos, which make her dis tinguishable from the rest. Host: Finally would you agree Willy that if something is worth achieving it will involve struggle? W. R: Any transitions into new and different worlds will involve a form of struggle, potential risks and if successful in this change, rewarding possibilities. So yes definitely Sam, nothing worth having comes easy.

The Jewish Temple I Happened To Visit Was Of The Conservative

The Jewish Temple I happened to visit was of the Conservative denomination of the Jewish tradition. Conservative in this case does not reference political ties, rather a desire to conserve Jewish culture and tradition in the modern world. The Conservative movement in Germany in the 19th century, with its spiritual leader being Rabbi Zacharias Frankel, and began as a counterpoint to the rise of Reform Judaism in the United States during the 1880’s. Serving as a theological â€Å"middle ground† between Reform and Orthodox Jews, Conservatives adhere to Jewish law, albeit not as strictly as Orthodox Jews, while also not entirely embracing modern societal changes as Reformist Jews do. This dichotomy translates into practice via the continual wearing†¦show more content†¦Going off of that, I was surprised that both men and women wore a yamaka, as I assumed that they were only worn by male Jews. Unfortunately, I arrived late, and thus the service had already begun. What was most intriguing about the service to me was the fact that it was bilingual, as it was done in both English and Hebrew. I was also impressed by the manner in which music corresponded into the service. Many of the prayer were chanted, and were accompanied by a hand-beaten rhythm that was provided by the cantor who was performing the service in the absence of the Rabbi, as was explained to me later. Many prayers were done, both out loud and solemnly in the silence of the parishioners’ hearts, and passages from the Torah were also read aloud in both English and Hebrew. Men and women sat together in the small place of worship, as no clear separation was in place as far as I could tell. I sat in the back and merely observed, along with rising and sitting when I was told as well as reading and praying what was asked of me. The general tone of the service was that of solemnity. Many of the prayers and songs that were sung called out to God in a way that praised and venerated God by endowing him with titles and appealing to his many qualities and acts He has done for the Jewish people. This style of prayer, along what was said in English, gave the idea that theShow MoreRelatedEvaluating The Use Of The Jewish Faith To Cope Within An6012 Words   |  25 Pages Evaluating the use of the Jewish faith to cope within an Indianapolis Jewish community Donnell Stewart Anderson University Evaluating the use of the Jewish faith to cope within an Indianapolis Jewish community Introduction â€Å"Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, familiesRead MoreWhy Leadership Now4047 Words   |  17 Pagesforceful leadership. On the business scene they built great corporations, on the religious scene they pioneered great organizations. The second generation, those now in their fifties, where born during the Great Depression and grew up during the conservative years after the Second World War. They were not given many opportunities for leadership by the older leaders. They also were not risk takers or adventurous, so they tended to become managers of their elders visions. It is possible that the firstRead MoreInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language14362 Words   |  58 PagesInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language CONTENT Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The Main Part †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Chapter I In Search of America †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.1. America: Its Image and Reality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.2. The Reasons of Immigration to the USA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. . The Importance of Religious Beliefs: â€Å"One Nation under God † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter II The Nation of Immigrants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.1. American beliefs and values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreLenin13422 Words   |  54 PagesNone (atheist) | Signature | | Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Ð’Ð »Ã °Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'€ ИÐ »Ã'Å'Ð ¸Ã'‡ ЛÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ½, IPA:  [vlÉ Ã‹Ë†dÊ ²imÊ ²Ã‰ ªr É ªlÊ ²Ã‹Ë†jitÍ ¡Ã‰â€¢ ˈlÊ ²enÊ ²Ã‰ ªn]  ( listen); born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, Russian: Ð’Ð »Ã °Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'€ ИÐ »Ã'Å'Ð ¸Ã'‡ Ð £Ã »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²; 22 April  [O.S. 10 April]  1870  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 21 January 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian SFSR from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Politically a Marxist, his theoretical contributionsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesRevised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael PeterRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagescases, examples and good summaries for every chapter. Professor Martin Lindell, Hanken Business School, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Finland This book makes it easier to understand the current stand of organization theory. I strongly recommend it to anyone seriously interested in the different intellectual traditions that contribute to our understanding of organizations. Professor Tomas Mà ¼llern, Jà ¶nkà ¶ping International Business School, Sweden . McAuley, Duberley and

Disjunction versus Communion in Raymond Carvers Short...

Disjunction versus Communion in Raymond Carvers Short Stories Raymond Carver, poet, essayist, and short story writer, was very different from some other writers in that he clipped his writing until only the essential remained. Carver not only acknowledged the effect that fiction could have on readers, he proclaimed that it should affect readers.( Bonetti 58) Thus, when Carver writes about intimate relationships, the reader perceives the stories as more than entertainment or skillful language; the reader relates to the characters situations and applies the knowledge to their own lives. It is within this realm of character affirmation that Carver draws a much more elaborate, and meaningful detail in his short stories. I†¦show more content†¦Disjointed on the other hand is near similarity in communion, in that it contains the seed of communion which failed to grow. The protagonist achieves some measure of success only to falter. Disjunction occurs when an opportunity exists for the characters to change their lives in a small, spiritual way, and they are unable to seize it. Even with the spiritual isolation that many of Carvers characters hold, disjunction blocks me from the stories in that it leaves me unfulfilled, distracts me from the main point. The transgression of characters within stories, gives reader a greater insight into a spiritual change of some sort, the lack thereof leaves something missing in the story. A more influential meaning is gained when a connection of some sort is maid between characters. As Carver said in a interview later in his life, In fiction that matters the signifigance of the action inside the story translates to the lives of the people out side the story ( Davis 658) Carvers life, or biography, bares a little insight into his phases, or different stages in which he wrote his different types of stories and poems. Carver lived most of his life in a world which could not provide the luxury of spiritual affirmation. He grew up in Clatskanie, Oregon to working class- parents in a alcoholic home where reading material was limited to Zane Gray novels, and the newspaper. Following high school, Carver married his

The Evolution Of Treatment For Drug Abuse Essay - 2361 Words

The Evolution of Treatment for Drug Abuse Since 1900 Early drug abuse treatment The use of heroin and morphine grew like wildfire after the successive extraction of morphine from the opium poppy around 200 years ago in Germany. The drug was the main painkiller and an excellent treatment for injuries. Bayer introduced heroin later 1874 and started distributing it commercially in 1898 (Courtwright Joseph, 1989). Heroin came from morphine extracts and was up to two times stronger than morphine. Early chemists thought that morphine was appropriate for effective treatment for alcohol and cocaine addiction, but eventually found out that it was more addictive than the two. The use of the drug during the Civil War as a stimulant and painkiller resulted to too many soldier addicts even at the end of the war. The soldiers spread the use of morphine and heroin to their neighborhoods until addiction to the drugs became a crisis (Joseph Dole, 1970). 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Information and Communication Technology Ethical Issues-Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Information and Communication Technology Ethical Issues. Answer: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is considered as extended term of information technology and it includes communication devices or applications such as mobile phones, network hardware and software components, satellite systems and various other applications and services (Iep.utm.edu, 2017). ICT has improved form of information technology and various new techniques are introduced by ICT for communication and information sharing worldwide. Today most of the business organizations are implementing ICT applications to make their communication and information sharing better with its clients and customers. While using applications of Information and Communication Technology, personal and business information of users is sending over internet that requires proper security. But some ethical issues such as security, privacy, cyber-crime, DDoS attacks are commonly encountered by ICT users. The purpose of making this report is to discuss an ethical issue on ICT discussed in a medi a article. Besides this, we will analyze article from the perspective of four classical ethical theories utilitarianism, deontology, virtue and contract. The selected article is based on ethical issue of cybercrime in ICT (Sina, 2017). Discussion In this segment of report we will analyze article appropriately on behalf of ethical theories. About Article of Cyber-crime In media article it is discussed that Ethical Hacking is main ethical issue comes under cybercrime. Ethical hacking is done to help an individual or an organization to identify weak points of their system or another security threats that have used by hackers for hacking their systems. The ethical hacking is done by ethical hackers. Ethical hacking is done with the permission of owners for maintaining security of their systems. Generally we can say that security professionals have to take bad actions to perform something good. That is why ethical hacking is considered as ethical issue of ICT that comes under category of cybercrime. Here we have condition that represents ethical hacking is also an ethical issue of ICT (BusinessDictionary.com, 2017). In University of Calgary, hackers conducted email hacking attack to access information about students, their courses, fees structure and another essential information about University. To conduct this hacking, they sent emails with attached virus on Universitys email address and got access of database (Mhrd.gov.in, 2017). To restore this information, they asked for heavy amount from University. The management was ready to pay this amount but it was not a right decision. Here it is a case of unethical issue of ICT and unethical cybercrime, because here without permission of university, information is accessed by hackers. On another side, when security professionals of university try to hack IP addresses of hackers by using hacking approach, then they did this according to ICT ethic norms and with permission of management of university. Therefore, in this case, it will be considered an ethical issue of ICT. Although it is a cybercrime, but it is ethical because it is implemented to hel p University. Now, in next segment of report, we will analyze article on behalf of ethical theories of utilitarianism, deontology, virtue and contract (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2017). Analysis of Article on behalf of Ethical Theories Utilitarianism: According to this ethical theory, an action is considered ethically right if its consequences lead to happiness or ethically wrong if its consequences lead to unhappiness. But it depends upon circumstances that an action is ethically right and wrong. If we analyze article on behalf of this ethical theory then it is right to say that ethical hacking is ethically right because it is implemented by security professionals to help others. Therefore, utilitarianism theory proves that cybercrime implemented by ethical hackers is an ethical issue (Hursthouse, Pettigrove, 2017). Deontology: Deontology is another theory that is used to judge the morality of an action based on rules. This theory also defines as rule based ethics. According to article, it is clearly defined that whether ethical hacking is ethical issue of cybercrime but it is implemented according to rules of companies those ask for this service to get prevention from hacking attacks. Therefore according to this theory, ethical hacking follows ethical rules (Cybercrime, 2017). Virtue: Virtue theory or virtue ethics is an essential approach to ethics and it emphasizes on character of an individual as the key element of ethical thinking. In case of ethical hacking, virtue is a security professional who implements ethical hacking with positive approach to provide help to victims of cyber-attacks. These security professionals are known as white hat hackers or ethical hackers and virtue is considered excellent trait of their character (Techopedia.com, 2017). Contract: The ethical theory of contract is the view that moral and political obligations of persons are dependent upon a contract or agreement for forming the society in which they live. The media article about ethical hacking also defines that ethical hacking is done by security professionals on the behalf of their contract with business organizations to whom they are providing services. In this contract, all legal norms of company are mentioned clearly and ethical hackers have to follow those norms. If security professionals will not follow these norms to perform ethical hacking then it will be considered illegal (BusinessDictionary.com, 2017). In this way, the discussed article has analyzed on the behalf of ethical theories and it is found that ethical hacking is not unethical but it is ethical way to implement cybercrime in Information and Communication Technology. Arguments and Recommendations After this whole discussion, the main point to argue is that Is that okay to hack a website for the purpose of helping owner? In this case we can say that when hackers attack something for some type of gain, then it does not stand on ethical ground in this case. But on another side, when system is broken down by hackers for fun or to better their own skills and to know more about security, then this thing comes under ethical gray area. Besides this, here motivation also affects that how actions of hackers are viewed by others. Therefore, we can say that hacking a website for helping others is right and that is why it is considered ethical issue of ICT. But while implementing ethical hacking, ICT ethics must not be violated by security professionals (TechRepublic, 2017). Conclusion After this whole discussion we can say that in ICT various ethical issues are found that can be considered right and wrong according to circumstances. Cybercrime, privacy, security etc. are also considered as ethical issues of ICT. It means these issues can be ethical right in a condition, but in another condition these can be wrong. In this report, we have clearly mentioned that ethical hacking which is a cybercrime, but it is an ethical issue of ICT. This is because it is right according to ethical theories and also implemented according to ICT ethical rules. That is why, on the behalf of whole discussion we can say that information provided in article about ethical issue is accurate. In this report, we have discussed every argument about this ethical issue of ICT in detail and also provide recommendations accordingly. It is important for every security professional to perform his actions ethically, only then unethical issues of ICT can be resolved. With the advancement in technolo gy, hacking and phishing attacks are increasing continuously and to control this usage of ethics of Information and Communication Technology are required. Not only developers but also at users end security maintenance is important. References BusinessDictionary.com. (2017). What comes after those ellipses?. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/ethical-issue.html BusinessDictionary.com. (2017). When was the last time you said this?. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/utilitarianism.html Hursthouse, R., Pettigrove, G. (2017). Virtue Ethics. Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/ Encyclopedia Britannica. (2017). deontological ethics. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/deontological-ethics Cybercrime. (2017). Ethical Issues. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://cps182cybercrime.wordpress.com/ethical-issues/ TechRepublic. (2017). 10 ethical issues confronting IT managers - TechRepublic. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://www.techrepublic.com/article/10-ethical-issues-confronting-it-managers/ Sina, I., profile, V., Sina, I. (2017). Cybercrime. I-thics.blogspot.in. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://i-thics.blogspot.in/2009/02/cybercrime.html Techopedia.com. (2017). What is Information and Communications Technology (ICT)? - Definition from Techopedia. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24152/information-and-communications-technology-ict Iep.utm.edu. (2017). Social Contract Theory | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/soc-cont/ Mhrd.gov.in. (2017). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) | Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2017). Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://mhrd.gov.in/ict_overview